Ethics, No Secrets Policy and Counselor Values Essay Example

Morals, No Secrets Policy and Counselor Values Essay Visual cue Responses Julie Sanders * I trust it is unscrupulous for the advisor to uncover anything said in singular directing with the spouse. She didn’t address a â€Å"no secrets† strategy in the educated assent. Offering this data to the spouse without his consent is untrustworthy. In marriage mentoring the â€Å"no secrets† strategy should be tended to and clarified in the educated assent. Since she didn't have a strategy concerning this, she is limited by privacy which ought to have been in her educated assent. It isn't the activity of the instructor to impart his/her qualities onto a customer. The guide shold attempt to stay as nonpartisan as could reasonably be expected. Regardless of whether the spouse feels the extra-conjugal relationship is upgrading the marriage, his better half still doesn’t think about it, and he is by all accounts the just one profiting by the undertaking. The advisor ought to stay as unbiased as conceivable while talking ab out this with the spouse and urge him to bring this up in a conjoint meeting. It isn't the therapist’s choice to make since she didn't have a â€Å"no â€Å"secrets strategy set up. I don’t figure the advisor ought to â€Å"persuade† the spouse to surrender the undertaking or bring it up in joint guiding. As I would see it that is as yet forcing her qualities on the customer. So, I do think, one might say, that the advisor is conniving with the spouse. Be that as it may, she is answerable for the circumstance by not obviously expressing classification and â€Å"no secrets† in her educated assent. * According to Corey (p. 98) advocates ought to have a procedure of self-assessment to find their own inclinations, convictions and qualities. I think it is deceptive to allude a customer in view of a therapist’s individual convictions. Saying that, if the advocate has emphatically held convictions and qualities, they ought to be tended to in the educated agree and disclosed to client’s before the guiding procedure starts. This would give the instructor reason for referral. Since the advocate is limited by secrecy, she can't tell the spouse of the husband’s issue, yet in the event that the guide tended to value’s predisposition in the educated assent, she can offer that as an explanation behind referral. It isn't the counselor’s work, nor is it moral for the instructor to advise the spouse regarding the undertaking. * I don’t trust it is to the greatest advantage of the first customer (the spouse) for the mentor to offer marriage mentoring to the couple. The situation doesn't address the preparation of the advocate in this field. In the event that I were the mentor, I would keep on observing the spouse, managing his issues and allude the couple to a marriage mentor. Task Questions Julie Sanders ii) I need you to peruse the educated assent and ensure you both comprehend the rules we will be working from. We will compose a custom article test on Ethics, No Secrets Policy and Counselor Values explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Ethics, No Secrets Policy and Counselor Values explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Ethics, No Secrets Policy and Counselor Values explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer There are a few significant segments that I might want you both to comprehend before marking the structure. I’ll be glad to examine and respond to any inquiries with respect to these territories. In the start of the assent for is an area I might want to bring your consideration the motivation behind treatment, methods, the chance of a negative result, potential advantages, charge structures, your privileges and obligations and furthermore both of you can pull back whenever (Corey, p. 474). I have a â€Å"no secrets† strategy. Since you are here for couple’s advising I feel you should be transparent with one another. On the off chance that one of you shares a â€Å"secret† with me independently that I may feel important to share, I will choose if it should be imparted to your life partner. iii) I won't share my qualities with you in regards to marriage or extramarital issues I don’t figure it would be moral since it could influence your dynamic, and how I for one feel about an issue isn't the issue being tended to. For your eventual benefits, I feel it is best that I stay as impartial as could reasonably be expected. v) In the start of the guiding procedure alongside educated assent I would address the issue of catching unaware an accomplice. The customers and I would address the issues associated with being straightforward rather than being â€Å"brutally† legitimate in a manner that could cause hurt. In the event that subsequent to talking about the impacts of a snare, it happ ens at any rate, I would ask the â€Å"ambushee† how that affected them and the ambusher the thinking behind the â€Å"attack. † Hopefully this would support a discerning, legit and important exchange between the two.

Daucus carota - Origins and New Directions :: Botany

Daucus carota - Origins and New Directions Daucus carota (carrots) are one of the more ordinarily utilized vegetables in the western world. An individual from the parsley family (Umbelliferae) which incorporates caraway, celery, dill, and parsnips, the historical backdrop of the carrot is to some degree darken. The potential for upgrading the healthy benefit and utilization of carrots, be that as it may, might be promising. Carrots are high in beta-carotene, an enemy of oxidant carotenoid that is the carotenoid compound most promptly changed over to nutrient A when devoured by creatures. Carrots likely started in the close to east and focal Asia, from Afghanistan to northwest India, where they were most likely developed for in any event 3,000 years. Carrots may have initially gotten trained through the disposing of the proliferating structures after the vegetative structures were devoured. The capability of the remaining parts to proceed with development is high. In this way, it is conceivable that the removal of these vegetable tops in trash piles may have took into consideration colonization of the territory and resulting taming (Rindos, 1984). Early proof of the utilization of carrots additionally has been found in ancient Swiss lake homes (Brothwell and Brothwell, 1969). The first wild-type carrots were meager, wiry, and shifted in shading from white to purple, however not the normal orange that we see today. Wild-type carrots are otherwise called Queen Anne's Lace. The source of the name depends on an English legend. As far as anyone knows, when the future Queen Anne showed up from Denmark to turned into the sovereign of King James I of England, wild carrot was as yet an oddity in the illustrious nurseries. The legend expresses that Queen Anne provoked the women of the court to a challenge to find out who could create an example of trim as stunning as the bloom of the carrot. The women realized that nobody could equal the sovereign's craftsmanship so it turned into a triumph for Anne (Haughton, 1978). Other regular names for wild carrot are bird's-home and devil's-plague. Transformations prompted changes in the pigmentation. Both the purple and yellow-orange assortments moved to the Mediterranean where they reacted well to development and determination (Brothwell and Brothwell, 1969). Carrots were perceived as one of the plants in the nursery of the Egyptian ruler Merodach-Baladan in the eighth century B.C. The carrot's utilization was accepted to be constrained during this time and all through the ascent of the Greek and Roman human advancements (Brothwell and Brothwell, 1969). Both the Greeks and the Romans were accepted to have utilized carrots for restorative purposes (Herfruit S.

What Your Instructors Wish You Knew About Papers

What Your Instructors Wish You Knew About Papers (0) Have you ever wondered what your professors are really looking for in a paper? It always seems like they want much more than they put on the rubric or that their directions are so detailed that it feels almost impossible to get it right! While every instructor is different, there are a few things that most of them wish their students knew. 1. Follow directions Yes, something that comes with a roadmap! Your assignment might have detailed requirements or just a general outline; either way, make sure to fulfill those requirements! It’s the best way to avoid missing points for easily avoidable things. Your directions won’t be more than 1-2 pages, so it should only take a few minutes to read them all. 2. Don’t be afraid to ask questions It’s okay to have questions about the assignment, and instructors are usually happy to clarify. Asking for help doesn’t mean you’re a bad studentâ€"knowing when to ask for help is the mark of a confident, successful student, and professors are likely to remember that. Your instructors aren’t your only source of help when it comes to writing papers. The librarians at your library are a great source to help narrow down your research so that you don’t flounder in a sea of too much potential information. Many have department-specific librarians, so check there for sure. And if the essay itself is giving you trouble, try your campus writing center or writing tutors. While they might not be able to tell you the unspoken quirks of a particular professor’s preferred style, they can help you with structure, strong thesis statements, and more. 3. Prep before you write You might not think so, but professors can tell when a paper was thrown together without much preparation. It shows up in the depth of research and the focus of the paper in particular. The most important thing to do before you start a paper is to craft a particular question or theory around which to focus your efforts a pre-thesis, if you will. You can refine it into your actual thesis as you outline. Creating an outline is also important. It is a blueprint of your essay and will help you stay organized. 4. Vary your sources It’s tempting, when you find a source that fits your topic perfectly, to just use it throughout the research paper and stop there. Or perhaps you found a particular academic journal that talks about the topic a lot. Even aside from the fact that many assignments will require certain numbers or types of sources, instructors will often prefer to see a variety of research. It demonstrates that you’ve done your due diligence, but also that you’ve considered multiple perspectives on your argument, which always strengthens it. Pro tip: As you collect your sources, start citing them! Even if you don’t end up using them all, it’ll help ensure that you don’t accidentally forget a source and commit unintentional plagiarism. If you have to do an annotated bibliography in MLA or another style, also add your notes (or annotations) when you cite and while the source information is still fresh in your head. 5. Avoid tangents It happens to the best of us: you’re writing away, building your arguments… and suddenly you’ve found yourself on a completely unrelated tangent (Example: You started off examining factors that led to the Civil War, then strayed into talking about war movies). Or, perhaps, you need to pad out your paper a bit and are tempted to shoehorn in something tangentially-related. This is a sign of a disorganized essay and can weaken an otherwise strong paper. Stay focused on your topic and make sure that every sentence and fact directly support your thesis. 6. Be honest True, you’ll probably have to write college papers about research paper topics you don’t like or care much about. Even so, try to be as honest as you canâ€"writing a paper with an argument you thoroughly don’t believe in will often result in weaker arguments and flowery, inauthentic prose. Instead of trying to restate a common or easy idea (that your professors have probably read many times before), see if you can find your own take on it. 7. Cite your sources It’s such a simple thing, but it’s the fastest way to frustrate a professor: forgetting to cite your sources. Not only is it required to avoid plagiarism and for formatting, but it also shows that you paid attention to detail and lets instructors see how you came to your conclusions. MLA format is a common citation style, as is APA and Chicago Manual of Style. Consult your teacher if you’re unsure of which to use. 8. Proofread! There are few things as frustrating as a wonderfully-argued paper that contains tons of grammar and spelling errors. Run a paper checkâ€"either on your own or using tools like the EasyBib Plus grammar checkerâ€"before submitting! With these tips, you should be well on your way to mastering the art of the college essay and impressing your instructors along the way! Good writing starts with knowing the basics. That’s why we created these grammar guides! Learn to identify irregular verbs, build up your mental list of adverbs, see examples of interjections, and more!

Bibliography, Reference List or Works Cited

You may wonder whether to use a bibliography, reference list, or a works-cited page in your paper--and you may even have wondered whether there is really a difference. Although your professor may have his or her own ideas (and you should use your professors preferences as your first guide) Works Cited pages are generally used when citing sources in an MLA paper, though you may call it a Works Consulted list if you are required to name the things you cited and the sources you used as background information. You should use the References title of your source list when using APA (American Psychological Association) style. Turabian/Chicago style traditionally calls for a bibliography, though some professors ask for a works-cited page. The term bibliography can mean a few things. In a single paper, it is all of the sources you have consulted to become informed about your topic (in contrast to listing only the sources you actually cite). As a generic term, bibliography can also refer to a very big list of recommended sources on a particular topic. Bibliographies might even be required as an additional page of information, after the reference list.

Financial statement analysis of british airways and emirates - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2128 Downloads: 2 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? British Airways plc (BA) is the flag carrier airline of the United Kingdom. BA has its headquarters in Waterside near its main hub at London Heathrow Airport and based on fleet size, international flights and international destinations is the largest airline in the UK. Its second hub is London Gatwick Airport. British Airways has discontinued all direct overseas flights from UK airports other than Heathrow, Gatwick and London City Airport. BAs UK passengers originating at non-London airports must now connect via London or use other airlines with direct services. The British Airways Board was established in 1971 to control the two nationalized airline corporations, BOAC and BEA, and two much smaller regional airlines, Cambrian Airways from Cardiff and Northeast Airlines from Newcastle upon Tyne. On 31 March 1974 all four companies were dissolved to form British Airways (BA). After almost 13 years as a nationalized company, British Airways was privatized in February 1987 as part of the privatization plan by the Conservative Government of the time. The carrier soon expanded with the acquisition of British Caledonian (BCAL) in 1987 and Gatwick-based carrier Dan-Air in 1992. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Financial statement analysis of british airways and emirates" essay for you Create order Despite being a primarily Boeing customer, British Airways placed a major order for Airbus aircraft in August 1998 with the purchase of 59 Airbus A320 family aircraft. In 2007, the carrier placed its next major order, marking the start of its long-haul fleet replacement, ordering 12 Airbus A380s and 24 Boeing 787s. The centre piece of the airlines long-haul fleet is the Boeing 747-400; with 57 examples in service, British Airways is the largest operator of the type in the world. The formation of Richard Bransons Virgin Atlantic Airways in 1984 began a tense relationship with BA. In 1993, the fierce rivalry led to British Airways apologizing unreservedly for a dirty tricks campaign against Virgin leading to them paying damages and legal costs after one of the most bitter and protracted libel actions in aviation history. Until 2008, British Airways was the largest airline based in the UK in terms of passenger numbers. The airline carried 34.6 million passengers in 2008 but rival UK low-cost carrier easy Jet carried 44.5 million passengers in the same year, taking the title from British Airways. On 12 November 2009, British Airways confirmed that it had reached a preliminary agreement to merge with Iberia. The merger between the two carriers will create the worlds third-largest airline in terms of annual revenue and the second largest airline group in Europe. The merger was confirmed on 8 April 2010, and it is expected to be completed by the end of the year. On 14 July 2010, the European Commission gave the two carriers permission to merge and also agreed to allow American Airlines to co-operate with the merged entity on transatlantic routes to the United States of America. (Wikipedia, 2010) C:Documents and SettingsMidhunDesktopEmirates_Logo1.jpg Emirates Airline is the largest major airline in the Middle East. It is the national airline of Dubai, United Arab Emirates and operates over 2400 passenger flights per week, from its hub at Dubai International Airport Terminal 3, to 108 destinations in 60 countries across 6 continents. The company also operates four of the worlds longest non-stop commercial flights from Dubai to Los Angeles, San Francisco, So Paulo and Houston, with all except San Francisco on the Boeing 777-200LR. The flight to San Francisco is currently served by a Boeing 777-300ER. Emirates is a subsidiary of The Emirates Group, which has over 50,000 employees, and is wholly-owned by the Government of Dubai directly under the Investment Corporation of Dubai. Cargo activities are undertaken by the Emirates Groups Emirates SkyCargo division. During the mid-1980s, Gulf Air began to cut back its services to Dubai. As a result Emirates was conceived in March 1985 with backing from Dubais royal family, whos Dubai Royal Air Wing provided two of the airlines first aircraft. It was required to operate independent of government subsidies, apart from $10 million in start-up capital. The airline became headed by Ahmed bin Saeed Al Maktoum, the airlines present chairman. In the years following its founding, the airline expanded both its fleet and its destinations. In October 2008, Emirates moved all operations at Dubai International Airport to Terminal 3, a new terminal exclusively dedicated to Emirates to sustain its rapid expansion and growth plans. Emirates operate a mixed fleet of Airbus and Boeing wide-body aircraft and are one of only nine airlines to operate an all wide-body aircraft fleet. The centerpiece of the airlines fleet is the Boeing 777. Emirates also have orders for 90 Airbus A380s with 11 of them already in service and became the second operator of the Airbus A380-800 after Singapore Airlines when their first aircraft was delivered on 28 July 2008. Emirates have won numerous awards and are an industry bellwether for aircraft purchases, purchasing over 130 aircraft in 2007 alone. The airline ranks amongst the top 10 carriers worldwide in terms of revenue, passenger kilometers, and has become the largest airline in the Middle East in terms of revenue, fleet size, and passengers carried as of 2007. In 2010 the airline was the sixth-largest airline in the world in terms of international passengers carried and largest in the world in terms of scheduled international passenger-kilometers flown. The airline was also the seventh largest in terms of scheduled freight tone kilometers flown. Emirates have built up a strong brand name as a trendsetter in the aviation industry, particularly in terms of service excellence, coupled with consistent profitability. In 2010, Emirates was voted the eighth best airline in the world by research consultancy firm Skytrax. (Wikipedia, 2010) Particulars Emirates (2009-2010) British Airways (2009-2010) Increase or Decrease Percentage (%) Non Current Assets Property, plant and equipment 33753 6633 27120 80.34841347 Intangible Assets 927 190 737 79.50377562 Investments in subsidiaries 461 2368 -1907 -413.6659436 Available for sale financial Assets 21 -21 0 Advance lease rentals 233 93 140 60.08583691 Loans and other receivables 1432 483 949 66.27094972 Derivative financial instruments 64 27 37 57.8125 Current Assets ÂÂ   ÂÂ   Inventories 1084 97 987 91.05166052 Trade receivables 7008 468 6540 93.32191781 Held to maturity financial assets 376 -376 0 Derivative financial instruments 74 74 0 0 Short term bank deposits 1176 908 268 22.78911565 Cash and cash equivalents 9335 756 8579 91.90144617 Equity and Liabilities Capital 801 288 513 64.04494382 Other Reserves -321 273 -594 185.046729 Share Premium 19794 937 18857 95.2662423 Non Current Liabilities Interest bearing long term borrowing 16753 3698 13055 77.92634155 Provisions 364 720 -356 -97.8021978 Deferred income tax liability 4 720 -716 -17900 Current Liabilities Trade and other payables 21 141 -120 -571.4285714 Derivative financial instruments 467 5 462 98.92933619 Deferred revenue 1483 200 1283 86.51382333 Deferred credit 460 194 266 57.82608696 Trade and other payables 15475 5256 10219 66.0355412 Income tax liabilities 19 5 14 73.68421053 Borrowing and lease liabilities 2852 257 2595 90.9887798 Derivative financial instruments 12 13 -1 -8.333333333 CURRENT RATIO Current Ratio = Current Assets / Current Liabilities Particulars Emirates British Airways Current Assets 18677 2674 Current Liabilities 18520 3740 Current Ratio 1.1:1 0.7:1 GRAPH SHOWING CURRENT RATIO FOR THE YEAR 2009-2010 INTERPRETATION: Current Ratio of both Emirates and British Airways is not ideal. For both the companies, the current assets position should be improved and it should be ideally two times its current liabilities. This situation will be very uncomfortable for the creditors. Both Emirates and British Airways must improve the current ratio to maintain a balance between liquidity and profitability. 2. QUICK RATIO Quick Ratio = Quick Assets / Quick Liabilities Particulars Quick Assets Quick Liabilities Quick Ratio Emirates 17593 18520 0.9:1 British Airways 2576 3740 0.7:1 GRAPH SHOWING QUICK RATIO FOR THE YEAR 2009-2010 INTERPRETATION: Quick ratio for both Emirates and British Airways just fall short of the standard ratio, i.e. 1:1. Both the companies must improve its liquidity which will satisfy its creditors. 3. ABSOLUTE LIQUID RATIO Absolute Liquid Ratio = Absolute Liquid Assets / Current Liabilities Particulars Absolute Liquid Assets Current Liabilities Absolute Liquid Ratio Emirates 10511 18520 0.6:1 British Airways 1714 3740 0.5:1 GRAPH SHOWING ABSOLUTE LIQUID RATIO FOR THE YEAR 2009-2010 INTERPRETATION: The standard Absolute Liquid Ratio is 1:2 or 0.5:1. The Absolute Liquid Ratio for Emirates is 0.6:1 and that of British Airways is 0.5:1. This is considered to be quite satisfactory and up to the norm. This shows the short term financial position is just not satisfactory in term of absolute liquid assets. 4. NET PROFIT/LOSS RATIO Net Profit/Loss Ratio =Net Profit or loss / Net sales*100 Particulars Net Profit/Loss Net Sales Net Profit/Loss Ratio (%) Emirates 3538 42477 8.33 British Airways (425) 7994 (5.31) GRAPH SHOWING NET PROFIT/LOSS RATIO FOR THE YEAR 2009-2010 INTERPRETATION: Net Profit/Loss Ratio shows the operational efficiency of the business. The Net Profit Ratio of Emirates is 8.33% showing a better performance when compared to British Airways which incurred a loss indicating the managerial inefficiency and excessive selling and distribution expenses. 5. RETURN ON INVESTMENT(ROI) RATIO Return on Investment Ratio = (Net Profit before interest and tax / capital employed)*100 Particulars Net Profit before interest and tax Capital Employed (Net Fixed Asset + Working Capital) ROI Ratio Emirates 3565 34837 10.23 % British Airways -231 6107 -0.03 % GRAPH SHOWING RETURN ON INVESTMENT RATIO FOR THE YEAR 2009-2010 INTERPRETATION: This ratio measures the operational efficiency and borrowing policy of the enterprise. The ROI of Emirates (10.23%) shows that the capital employed is used quite efficiently and indicates the earning capacity of the net assets of the business is satisfactory whereas ROI of British Airways is very much below par incurring a loss at 0.03% indicating the ineffective use of capital employed. 6. WORKING CAPITAL TURNOVER RATIO Working Capital Turnover Ratio = Net sales /Working Capital Particulars Net Sales Working Capital Working Capital Turnover Ratio (times) Emirates 42477 157 270.55 British Airways 7994 -1066 0.20 GRAPH SHOWING WORKING CAPITAL TURNOVER RATIO FOR THE YEAR 2009-2010 INTERPRETATION: This ratio shows the number of times the working capital results in sales. It reflects the efficiency in the utilization of working capital. The Working Capital Turnover Ratio of Emirates is very abnormal showing that 270.55 times working capital results in sales. Excessive ratio shows overtrading which indicates the weakness of enterprise. But the Working Capital Turnover Ratio of British Airways is 7.50 times showing a satisfactory situation which reflects its efficiency in the utilization of working capital. 7. PROPRIETORY RATIO Proprietory Ratio = Net Worth/Total Assets PARTICULARS NET WORTH TOTAL ASSETS PROPRIETORY RATIO (times) Emirates 17475 55547 0.31 British Airways 2113 10677 0.20 GRAPH SHOWING PROPRIETORY RATIO FOR THE YEAR 2009-2010 INTERPRETATION: It indicates the relationship between proprietors funds and total assets. It shows the general financial position of the company. 50 % or 0.5 times is said to be satisfactory proprietory ratio for the creditors. But in the case of Emirates, the proprietory ratio is 0.31 and for British Airways it is 0.20 times which are below the norm, indicating that their loans are not secured which is a sign of risk for creditors. 8. CURRENT ASSETS TURNOVER RATIO Current Assets Turnover Ratio = Net sales /Current Assets Particulars Net Sales Current Assets Current Assets Turnover Ratio (times) Emirates 42477 18677 2.27 British Airways 7994 2674 2.99 GRAPH SHOWING CURRENT ASSET TURNOVER RATIO FOR THE YEAR 2009-2010 INTERPRETATION: This ratio establishes the relationship between Current Assets and Net Sales. The Current Asset Turnover Ratio of Emirates is 2.27 and of British Airways is 2.99 times which is quite satisfactory reflecting the efficiency in the utilization of Working Capital. 9. FIXED ASSETS TURNOVER RATIO Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio = Net sales /Fixed Assets Particulars Net Sales Fixed Assets Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio (times) Emirates 42477 34680 1.22 British Airways 7994 7173 1.11 GRAPH SHOWING FIXED ASSET TURNOVER RATIO FOR THE YEAR 2009-2010 INTERPRETATION: The effective utilization of fixed assets will result in increased production and reduced cost. It also ensures whether investment in assets have been judicious or not. In the case of both Emirates and British Airways having a Fixed Assets Turnover Ratio of 1.22 and 1.11 is not very satisfactory. It indicates that the firms have not been able to utilize its fixed assets judiciously. SUMMARY AND FINDINGS After the detailed analysis of the financial statements of Emirates and British Airways for the period from 2009-2010 by financial analysis, it is found that The decision with regarding to working capital is arrived at by taking into consideration number of factors like nature of business, manufacturing cycle, and credit policy and collection procedure. It is evidentiary through the financial analysis that the current ratio of both Emirates and British Airways is not in favor of both the companies. It is still not beyond the ideal ratio stating that the short term financial position of these companies is not very sound. It has been found out that in the financial year 2009-2010, British Airways has incurred loss probably due to managerial inefficiency and excessive selling and distribution expenses. The company has significant burden of depreciation and amortization which is a major driver of these losses. The shareholders funds for both the companies have been raised for the year 2010. CONCLUSION Finance is of vital importance for every organizations success. Finance is the life blood of the business. Working Capital management is regarded as an important subject of financial management. Working capital management is an integral part of over all corporate management. The twin objectives of the working capital management are profitability and liquidity. Working capital management establishes the best possible trade off between the profitability of net current assets employed and the ability to pay current liabilities as they fall due. From the data analysis, it is found that the performance of Emirates is satisfactory due to the internal and external factors. From the various techniques it is found that the companys management is quite effective when compared o British Airways. From the above analysis, it is clear that Emirates is an effective fast growing high profit seeking company whereas British Airways is undergoing a difficult financial period.

Consequential Validity Of An Alternate Assessment For Students Free Essays

The purpose of educational research workers on alternate appraisals in assorted professional instruction publications were to carry general pedagogues toward collaborative instruction by supplying analytical research to back up general instruction for particular needs pupils. â€Å" Teacher perceptual experiences and the eventful cogency of an alternate appraisal for pupils with important cognitive disablements † examines the variables of instructor perceptual experiences that may consequence the cogency of alternate appraisal in respects to particular needs pupils ( Roach, A.R. We will write a custom essay sample on Consequential Validity Of An Alternate Assessment For Students or any similar topic only for you Order Now , Elliott, S.N. , Berndt, S. , 2007 ) . R.J. Kettler and the research squad stated in their article, â€Å" What do alternate appraisals of alternate academic accomplishment criterions step? that the consequences from their survey back up the adaptative behaviour, academic accomplishments, and academic enablers as steps for academic accomplishment for particular needs pupils. Introduction Many public schools and private schools are exchanging their schoolrooms and schoolroom directions to collaborative learning squad attack ( CTT ) . Collaborative learning squads consist of two instructors, one general instruction instructor, and the other, a particular instruction instructor. Together, they plan their educational strategic lessons and schoolroom direction to turn to the demands of their pupils, which included pupils with particular demands. These particular demands may besides include English as Second Language ( ESL ) and/or English Language Learners ( ELL ) pupils. Some instructors are for the alteration and others are against it. To justified collaborative instruction squads ( CTT ) , many research articles were written to carry instructors that collaborative learning squads are successful. For this article, two research articles about alternate appraisal for particular needs pupils from well-established diaries were chosen to confirm or non confirm the usage of c ollaborative instruction squads. Although two research articles about curative appraisal will non confirm the usage of this strategic educational attack, the articles will give some penetration for or against the CTT enterprise. The first article, â€Å" Teacher perceptual experiences and the eventful cogency of an alternate appraisal for pupils with important cognitive disablements † written by Andrew T. Roach, Stephen N. Elliott, and Sandra Berndt, focused on the analysis of mensurating the instructor ‘s perceptual experience in respects to the alternate appraisal for particular need pupils. Research workers were concern about how the instructors ‘ perceptual experience affects the result of the alternate appraisal when given to particular needs pupils ( Roach, Elliott, Berndt, 2007 ) . The research workers were concern about the attitudes instructors develop when they have to take the clip and pass the alleged ‘extra energy ‘ to administrate the alternate appraisals. Alternate appraisals are given when the particular needs pupils are non able to take the academic appraisals. The alternate appraisal ( AA ) must run into the province ‘s criterions before being administer ed to pupils. In the 2nd article, â€Å" What do alternate appraisals of alternate academic accomplishment criterions step? A multitrait-multimethod analysis † from Ryan J. Kettler and the research squad were more concern about ‘what ‘ the alternate appraisal steps. They were concern about what the AA really measures in footings of academic abilities and adaptative behaviours such as societal accomplishments, physical accomplishments, etc. To happen out the ‘what ‘ , the research workers used the ‘multitrait-multimethod analysis ‘ attack to acquire the replies. The consequences from the research were that â€Å" the AA reading and math tonss may reflect a unitary concept, the AA tonss are extremely related to adaptative behaviour and academic competency and accomplishment, and all these tonss represent an unique but overlapping concepts ( Kettler, Elliott, et. al. , 2010 ) . † Before analyzing the consequences of this research, the first article about instructors ‘ perceptual experience about alternate appraisals will be discussed. Teacher Perceptions and the Consequential Validity of an Alternate Assessment for Students With Significant Cognitive Disabilities The consequences of this research may bespeak little sums of fluctuations of diminution positive attitudes/perceptions toward alternate appraisals among particular instruction instructors harmonizing to the pupil grade degree. To mensurate these consequences, the research workers created the WAA ( Wisconsin Alternative Assessment ) Teacher Survey – a paper and pencil study was given to instructors ( 4th, 8th, and 10th classs ) to finish and portion their perceptual experiences refering the WAA procedure and consequences. The consequences suggested that instructors were â€Å" by and large ambivalent to slightly positive. † Some reserves about the clip required to finish the appraisal were reported but the most of import find was that the study revealed the arrested development of positive perceptual experiences about the WAA procedure as pupil class degree advanced. Harmonizing to the research consequences, â€Å" there were no extra forecaster variable accounted for a important proportion of the fluctuation in instructors ‘ response on the WAA Teacher Survey ( Roach, A.R. , Elliot, S.N. , Brendt, S. , 2007 ) . † Although the research workers mentioned assorted restrictions about this research including geographic influence, the one major failing about this research is the answerability of the instructors ‘ perceptual experiences about the AA throughout the school twelvemonth. Teachers may show their feelings at the minute while taking the study. Emotions/attitudes and perceptual experiences do fluctuate throughout the school twelvemonth and there are many variables to act upon them. To corroborate the consequences, research workers of this undertaking will necessitate to take studies throughout the school twelvemonth and a few old ages subsequently to acquire a echt read on the instructor ‘s perceptual experiences about the AA. What Do Alternate Appraisals of Alternate Academic Achievement Standards Measure? A Multitrait-Multimethod Analysis Before analyzing the consequences of this research, the research attack needs to be understood to understand the consequences. What is the ‘multitrait-multimethod ‘ attack? The multitrait-multimethod ( MTMM ) attack is an integrative, multivariate ( many variables ) model for research intents. Teachers can consistently garner valid information and discriminate or distinguish it in a individual survey. The research survey consisted of the followers: Multiple Traits – Academic public presentation, Academic accomplishments, Academic enablers ( â€Å" for example, societal accomplishments, survey accomplishments, motive, and battle ) are student attitudes and behaviours that facilitate a pupil ‘s engagement in, and benefit from academic direction in the schoolroom † ( DiPerna, J.C. 2008 ) Adaptive behaviour Multiple Methods – Individually administered accomplishment trials Teacher completed evaluation graduated tables This peculiar survey was more comprehensive as it focused on faculty members and non perceptual experiences and it involved many provinces, non merely one remarkable province. The consequences indicated that AAs had common measurings with the related traits like adaptative behaviour, academic accomplishments, and academic enablers, significance, instructors will construe such findings as steps of academic accomplishment peculiarly for pupils with the most terrible cognitive disablements. The instructors will merely hold to do certain to go on doing the AA measures what it suppose to mensurate and non let it to mensurate adaptative behaviour, therefore, going more and more academic ( Kettler, et. al. , 2010 ) . Decision It is compulsory for particular pupils to take these alternate appraisals in order to carry through the province ‘s authorization but in malice of it, instructors should go on to educate pupils with particular demands for every twenty-four hours life, as this is necessary for their endurance. Harmonizing the writers, many instructors, irrespective of the legislative attempts, in peculiar collaborative instruction squads and such, to concentrate on answerability for pupil acquisition in the nucleus academic topics, opt to keep a hard balance between academic accomplishments and non-academic accomplishments in their schoolroom direction. The valorous attempts of schoolroom instructors to supply non-academic accomplishments for pupils of important disablements to populate successful unrecorded exterior of schools are indispensable ( Kettler, R.J. , et. al. , 2010 ) . On the other manus and based on experiences working in CTT schoolrooms, it is recommended for future research to take into consideration the possible harmful effects of personality clashing of learning squads and it effects on the pupils. In add-on, research can be done on the kineticss of learning squads in the daily operations of the schoolroom, and the kineticss between the pupils and the instructors ( separately and jointly ) in order to heighten the research workers ‘ persuasion for collaborative instruction squads in general instruction schoolrooms. How to cite Consequential Validity Of An Alternate Assessment For Students, Essay examples

Red Book Real Estate Valuation

Introduction The regulation of the services of valuer’s and appraisers in the real estate market is a matter of international concern. In most countries there is some degree of control with the main variation being in relation to the level and nature of this control. In the UK this control is limited to the provisions of the Estate Agents Act of 1979 and the Property Misdescriptions Act of 1991 (Sayce, Smith, Cooper Venmore – Rowland 2006, 31).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Red Book: Real Estate Valuation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The former allows general regulatory power over the process of Estate Agency whereas the latter was designed with a view to preventing estate agents and other property developers from listing wrong information about property (Sayce, Smith, Cooper Venmore – Rowland 2006, 32). The current legislation with regards to property was influenced by the property c rash of 1973 and concerns about professional accounting practices within the industry (Sayce, Smith, Cooper Venmore – Rowland 2006, p. 32). This came after a long history of inconsistencies in valuation and property management (Ley 2000, p. 86). As a result of this the Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors (RICS) developed a set of principles that have been widely adopted to govern the industry. Initially this was not enforced and compliance was not compulsory but since 1992 compliance to the standards was made mandatory (Sayce, Smith, Cooper Venmore – Rowland 2006, p. 32). The RICS has also been instrumental in arbitration in disputes involving property (Alexander 2006, p. 170). The RICS appraisal and valuation standard is also referred to as the Red Book. The standard is a quality control framework that is used to outline a structure and procedures required for a valuation ((Sayce, Smith, Cooper Venmore – Rowland 2006, p. 32)). This red book includes all P ractice Statements to which all the qualified members are required to adhere. Since there is minimal state intervention the regulation of property valuation is largely handled by professionals thus suggesting that the process is well managed. The RICS has large following from many parts of the world and this step has seen UK valuation standards in use in areas other than the UK. This step is considered very favorable as it suggests that the standardization of the valuation and appraisal procedure may be unified in the near future. In this report the information will define the standard, discuss valuation in the UK, analyze inferences from information available and provide a conclusion. What is Property Valuation? The process of valuation as suggested by the name aims to ascertain the value of a property in the market. To accomplish this accurately a valuer needs to posses a set of skills such as research methods, calculation, report writing, negotiation, law, environmental issues, k nowledge on construction and knowledge on management and business finance (Blackledge 2009, p. 20).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These skills are acquired through academic study, practice and continuous experience. The process of valuation requires a valuer to know the intentions of the person seeking the valuation. This is useful in the process as it may affect the resultant figure due to the possibility of being taken out of context (Fraser-Sampson 2010, p.132). This is the main reason behind misunderstanding, non payment of fees and numerous other problems arising (Blackledge 2009, p. 21). In general a valuer aims to help guide to the best price for a given property on the market at a given date. To establish this valuer must consider changes in social, political and economic environment that are likely to affect prices and what degree these effects will have on the pr ice (Dempster Dempster 2002, p. 10). Legislation may also play a role in the process and a good working knowledge of current legislation is necessary (Blackledge 2009, p. 21). A valuation may be required for varied reasons such as sale, mortgaging, calculation of compensation payable, acquisition of credit, tax assessment, rating or investment advice (Rees Hayward 2002, p. 257). Based on these varied needs a single property could produce various figures even when valued by a single valuer. Valuers are essential in the property market because the market is very volatile and is easily affected by changes in supply and demand (Gallagher Andrew 2007, p. 375). Thus the prices within the market often reflect the changes at a varied degree depending on property type and location. In addition to this it has been observed that each property and the interests of owners are often varied even when the properties are of the same type (Blackledge 2009, p. 22). In addition to this there are con stant changes in legislation that governs property and thus only a specialist with complete knowledge of these laws can interpret the suitably. For these reasons valuation is best performed by a qualified expert in order to ensure the most accurate figure is produced for the case. The process of valuation includes several important considerations and as such is considered more of an art than an exact science. In addition to the application mathematical formulae in the process valuers can also include their subjective opinions based on their individual knowledge of market factors. This is the reason why two valuers will often arrive at slightly different figures in analysis of a single property (Blackledge 2009. P. 26). However, this does not mean the process is performed in a haphazard fashion. It is still crucial that calculation is performed after performing careful and detailed research. This requires that the valuer takes all the relevant factors into account and disregards all irrelevant factors (Blackledge 2009, p. 26).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Red Book: Real Estate Valuation specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More After completion of the valuation there are some factors that are open to subjective opinion and hence the slight variation in the final figures. The guiding principle in practice is therefore the adherence to all procedures and principles in performing property valuation. The ability to provide a variation in the price of a property suggests that unscrupulous practitioners are capable of taking advantage of the situation to perform inaccurate valuations. It is for this reason that the profession requires a unifying institution that can encourage members to act objectively, be impartial and carry out their duties without any vested interests (Blackledge 2009, p. 28). When an occasion arises that requires additional independence there are laid down provisions that need to b e met to allow such exceptions. Through such checks and balances the RICS is able to ensure that all valuers in the industry build a commitment to operating under minimal ethical standards. The RICS: Background The RICS is a body that unifies practitioners within the appraisal and valuation profession. This institute was originally known as the Institution of Surveyors and was established in 1868 and later changed its name to the Royal Institution of Chartered Surveyors (RICS). The organization has grown from these humble roots to an organization recognized in over 100 countries and with a membership in excess of 100, 000 (Blackledge 2009, p. 28). Its main objectives include, being the leading source of land, property, construction and environmental related knowledge and seeks to promote best practice, represent consumer interest, and provide impartial property related advice to society (Blackledge 2009, p. 28). This organization is among the most respected and recognized high profi le standards and membership organizations for professionals in the industry. Its main roles being; maintenance of highest education and training standards; consumer protection through strict regulations of professional standards and to become a leading source of information on property, land, construction and environmental related issues (Blackledge 2009, p. 29). In 2001, the institute launched 17 faculties to address the wide spectrum of specialist issues covered by quantity surveyors (Wilkinson 2004, p. 4). These faculties have an international outlook and are coordinated by individual faculty boards. In 2009, the faculties changed to become professional groups with responsibilities such as training and development, research, guidance and standards, contribution to formation of policy and quality control (Blackledge 2009, p. 29).Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More RICS Valuation Standards: The Red Book The RICS has a printed version of its valuation standards and notes for guidance in hard copy with a red cover. This is the source of the commonly used name, The Red Book. The book was first presented in print form in 1980 and has since undergone several reviews. It is divided into two main sections; the first containing rules and guidance applicable to registered members anywhere in the world and as such is consistent with International valuation standards (IVS) and the second section containing information that is specific to only certain countries (Blackledge 2009, p. 124). The IVS was formed due to the need for uniformity between international bodies (Zyla 2010). The uniformity is expected to increase the capacity within the construction industry as is the case in the EU which provides as much as 70% of the directives utilized in the UK (Luff, 2008).The sixth edition that was available from January 2008 was a culmination of evolution throug h six editions and the content is heavily influenced by reports commissioned by the RICS (Blackledge 2009, p. 124). An example of these reports is the Mallinson report from 1994 that was carried out due to public unrest due to widely varying valuations of specific properties by different valuers. Among the most conspicuous being the Queens Moat Houses (QMH) hotel group valuation. In this valuation in the space of a year the value declined from slightly over 2 billion Sterling Pounds to slightly over 850 million Sterling pounds (Blackledge 2009, p. 125). The huge difference led to huge doubt over the validity of the procedure. Further reasons for the report includes continued criticism of valuation bases and practice within the profession and losses incurred by mortgages resulting from failed developments after the 1990’s recession (Blackledge 2009, p. 125). The principal objective of the Red Book is to ensure that its members produce valuations that achieve high standards of integrity, clarity and objectivity. In addition to that the book seeks to ensure that reporting is done in accordance with recognized bases which are suitable for the purpose (Blackledge 2009, p. 125). The standards define a criteria used to identify appropriately qualified members, steps needed to deal with threats to their independence and objectivity, matters to address when agreeing in conditions of engagement, bases used in valuation, assumptions, minimal reporting standards and matters that need to be disclosed where valuations may be relied upon by third parties (Blackledge 2009, p. 125). The document contains practice statements and guidance notes (Enever Issac 2002, p. 81). Practice statement are arranged in categories as follows; compliance and ethical requirements, agreement of terms of engagement, bases of value, applications, investigations and valuation reports (Blackledge 2009, p. 125). Valuation Standards in the UK In the UK the process of valuation is regulated to a great extent by the RICS. The institution enhances accountability, establishes education and training requirements, set standards and imposes discipline on the membership (Wyatt 2007, p.101). The standards also provide a basis for specific statutory violations and regulation of procedural protocols with client bodies (Wyatt 2007, p. 101). Owing to the high standards set for valuation by the RICS in the UK it has been observed that on an international level UK valuations elicit a much higher confidence level (Dijkman 2007, p. 421). The financial crisis of 2009 has also played a role in bringing the role of quality valuation to the fore. The RICS standard is also widely used for valuation of commercial properties such as two or three star vacant and occupied hotel lots (Harper 2008, p. 99). It is used in conjunction with another method known as DCF as a check for most four to five star properties currently vacant in the UK and Europe (Harper 2008, p. 99). It also is used for several deals in the market, simple investments and deals in mid market sections within the UK market. It is also used in conjunction with DCF in most investment deals in the UK and Europe. This is due to the fact that valuers are taught the first principle that the best evidence of value is set by the market. However, in the case of hotels it is uncommon to find two hotels with similarities in their trading patterns and potential to allow for accurate comparison (Harper 2008, p. 104). Valuation Standards around the World The wide acceptance and recognition of the efficiency of the RICS standards for valuation has seen them spread across many other regions of the world (Hines 2001, p. 106). By the year 2007 the RICS membership had grown to almost 130,000 with members from almost 120 countries (Dijkman 2007, p. 40). The institute operates in five regions around the world and has 41 national associations registered. The institution has reported that the recent increase in global membership c ould be as a result of global trends that have seen significant changes in business (Idowu Filho 2009, p. 236). This trend has boosted RICS institutional capacity in providing international and professional standards. This has seen the institute get recognition by governments, non governmental organizations and has resulted in RICS qualification’s appearance improved to the status of an international passport (Dijkman 2007, p. 40). This is because the institute responds rapidly to new developments by maintaining a constant review process. This is seen in the revised APC in 2006 which included new innovations such as the pathway in Property Finance and Investment. This innovation reflects the need for additional professional edge skills in this profession. In addition to that the review saw emphasis increase on environmental issues, health, safety and business skills (Dijkman 2007, p. 40). In addition to this the institution constantly makes efforts to identify emerging needs within the market and develop leading edge knowledge. As a result of this vigilance members are able to ensure best practices in their endeavors and avoid pitfalls in the course of transacting business. The institution appears to help investors with advice that has seen an increase in confidence as the same standards can be expected to be applied across the world by RICS professionals. As a result the huge real estate market in Asia has been targeted and the membership in mainland China has doubled (Dijkman 2007, p. 40). The RICS has begun to play an increasing role in arguably among the most developed world economies, the USA. In the USA international reporting standards have been brought to converge with RICS guidelines (Fishman, Pratt Morrison 2010, p. 280). This has been brought about mainly due to the transfer of foreign currencies into and out of the US market. Though one still requires a license to practice in the US there has been an increase in the hiring of RICS qualifie d staff (Dijkman 2007, p. 41). This is an extremely encouraging trend given that it is still quite difficult to become a member as the institute has adamantly declined to reduce standards to increase the membership. This position is likely to see international valuation practices improve with a view to increasing business opportunities that can be accessed due to large membership. Financial Crisis and Housing The housing market in the UK has exhibited a great deal of fluctuation especially since the period around 1970. There have been four booming periods in the duration and three periods that have seen the industry go bust (Stephens et al. 2008). The distinguishing feature that characterized the recession that run from 1983–93 was a decline in house prices. This recession was the first to take place in a context of financial market deregulation. This recession was the result of failure of the government to accurately interpret the potential of deregulation within the financi al market (Stephens et al. 2008). The result was in 1987 the stock market crashed and with it came the increases in base lending rates and major pressure due to the degree to which people had borrowed with property as their security. Following the political situation in the UK at the time the government responded by offering some restructured options to assist the burdened borrowers (Stephens et al. 2008). The worst affected being individuals who had recently taken mortgages to improve their home owner status (Watson 2008, p. 304). A glance at financial crisis of the past allows us to observe that there has been patchy progress within the real estate industry with regards to the development and spread of valuation standards and valuation professionals (Dijkman 2010, p. 28). It has been observed that real estate plays a role in the macro economic events that trigger such crisis (Edwards Ellison 2004, p. 122). This is based on reports from Asia (Mera Renaud 2000, p. 229). There are similar reports from financial crisis in Latin America suggesting real estate affects macro economic issues (Horowitz Heo 2001, p. 3). It has been suggested that the recession of the mid 70’s saw the establishment of the RICS standards and IVS. The rampant trend of uncontrolled development and poor valuation caused the collapse of the Thai financial system to collapse leading to the project that saw the government enlist the services of RICS to introduce a single standards training regime for valuers. Conclusion In this report the discussion has been mainly on the topic of valuation of property in the UK and the role of the RICS in the process. The discussion begins by providing some data on the role of a property valuer. In the discussion it is noted that valuation is a process that follows some laid down guidelines and also allows for subjective interpretation. As a result of this it is possible to have a single property valued by two valuers and produce different results. Following this observation the discussion continues to highlight some background information on the RICS or The red book. In this section it is observed that the institution aims to establish high standards in practice and education within the industry. The discussion also continues to provide information that indicates the constituents of the book. It is noted that the book has provisions that are used to govern both members who are registered and specific sections for non registered members. It is observed that the membership of the RICS has grown significantly in the recent past and a large number of nations in Asia and South America have expressed interest in joining the institute. This increased interest in joining has been attributed to global business trends that suggest a need to bring valuation practices under a single umbrella body. In line with this the institute has welcomed applications but insisted upon maintaining the existing standards so as to maintain highly profe ssional standards. The discussion also identifies the standards of valuation in UK and other parts of the world based on the RICS. It also indicates the special circumstances in which the RICS standards are used in the UK. In addition to that the discussion also provides data on the financial crisis that have rocked the globe in the period from the 70’s to date. The role of standardization is mentioned and how it may help in future financial crisis. This is due to the observation that among the main reasons for the financial crisis is attributable to poor valuation and deregulation within the financial sector. References Alexander, NM, 2006, Global trends in Mediation, Kluwer Law International, Alphen aan den Rijin. Blackledge, M, 2009, Introducing Property Valuation, Routledge, Oxon. Bond, P Brown P, 2006, Rating valuation principles into practice, Bell Bain Ltd, Glasgow. Dempster, MAH Dempster, MAH, 2002, Risk Management: value at risk and beyond, The press syndicate of the University of Cambridge, Cambridge. Dijkman, M, 2007, Europe Real Estate Yearbook: assets, Industry trends, market players, Real Estate Publishers B. V., The Hague. Dijkman, M, Europe Real Estate Yearbook 2010, Real Estate Publishers B. V., The Hague. Edwards, V Ellison, L, 2004, Corporate Property management: Aligning real estate with business strategy, Blackwell Publishing Company, Oxford. Enever, N Issac, D, 2002, The valuation of property investments, Gulf Professional Publishing, USA. Luff, P, 2008, Construction matters: Report, together with formal minutes, Volume 2, The Stationary Office. Fishman, JE, Pratt, SP Morrison, WJ, 2007, Standards of Value: Theory and Applications, John Wiley and Sons Inc, Hoboken. Fraser-Sampson, G, 2010, Private equity as an asset class, John Wiley and Sons Inc, West Sussex. Gallagher, TJ Andrew, JD, 2007, Financial Management; Principles and Practice, Pearson Education Inc, USA. Harper, D, 2008, Valuation of Hotels for Investors, Progress Press, Malta. Hines, MA, 2001, Investing in International Real Estate, Greenwood Publishing Group Inc, Westport. Horowitz, SA Heo, U, 2001, The political economy of international financial crisis: interest groups, Institute of South East Asian Studies, Singapore. Idowu, SO Filho, WL, 2009, Professionals perspectives of corporate social responsibility, Springer, London. Ley, AJ, 2000, A History of building control in England and Wales 1840-1990, RICS Business Services Limited, Coventry. Mera, K Renaud, B, 2000, Asia’s financial crisis and the role of real estate, M. E. Sharpe Inc, New York. Rees, WH Hayward, REH, 2002, Valuation: Principles into Practice, CPI Anthony Rowe, Eastbourne. Sayce, S, Smith, J, Cooper, R, Venmore – Rowland, P, 2006, Real Estate Appraisal: from value to worth, Blackwell Publishing Limited, Oxford. Stephens, M, Ford, J, Spencer, P, Wallace, A, Wilcox, S Williams, P, 2008, housing market recessions and sustainable home ownership, http://ww w.publicnet.co.uk/features/2008/10/31/housing-market-recessions-and-substainable-home-ownership/ Watson, M, 2008, ‘Constituting Monetary Conservatives via the ‘Savings Habit’: New Labor and the British Market Housing Bubble’, Comparative European Politics, 6(3), pp. 285-304. Wilkinson, J, 2004, Supervisors and Counselors Guide to the APC: help your candidate to succeed, RICS Business Services Limited, Coventry. Wyatt, P, 2007, Property Valuation in an Economic Context, Blackwell Publishing, Oxford. Zyla, ML, 2010, Fair value measurements: Practical guidance and implementation, John Wiley and Sons Inc, Hoboken. 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